Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern

There are numerous thoughts and ideas that encouraged the progress from the Medieval Era to a progressively current, Renaissance society, yet it very well may be contended that Johann Gutenberg's innovation of the print machine was the most significant factor to this adjustment in Europe. The production of the press was no simple undertaking for Gutenberg; he was confronted with numerous snags. In any case, once made, the press profited individuals around the globe for a considerable length of time and keeps on being a key piece of our general public today. Before the creation of the print machine, books were amazingly costly, constraining instruction to the affluent. Since just the privileged could stand to buy books, instruction was a methods for isolating the nobility from the lower classes. It was about unimaginable for the less lucky to climb in the public eye since they couldn't instruct themselves. Books were so expensive because of the techniques utilized to make each page separately. For a recorder to duplicate a whole novel by hand would take a lot of persistence and numerous hours. A typical technique for delivering duplicates was for one man to peruse the first word by word, and a gathering of recorders would compose each word as the peruser said them. â€Å"By this method,† portrays John Fontana in his work Mankind's Greatest Invention, â€Å"one composition filled in as the wellspring of generation for some duplicates when the copyists wrapped up the remainder of the peruser's orally introduced words† (13). Not exclusively was this tedious, yet the more duplicates that were made, the more mistakes were made. In the long run, a strategy for making duplicates without such a high wiggle room came to fruition. Individuals would hand cut squares of wood with raised letters and spread the squares with ink. At that point they would put a piece of paper on the square to make a duplicate. To make the procedure considerably progressively troublesome, they needed to cut the letters and words in reverse so they would print accurately, and they needed to make these letters look typical when switched. Albert Kapr, in his book Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention, portrays how â€Å"a calligrapher had first to work out this content, which was followed as an identical representation inversion on to a planed limewood board and afterward cut out with a blade so that the lettering was left as a raised surface† (21). This technique is called xylography, and keeping in mind that it was an improvement in that it diminished errors, cutting a square of wood for each page to be printed was considerably additional tedious than composing the words by hand, and books stayed as costly as could be. Johann Gensfleisch Gutenberg, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, needed to change this. His thought was to supplant the wood hinders with discrete letters made of metal. One would have the option to move the letters around to make words and sentences, and afterward reuse them. â€Å"The key to this new technique was not as is for the most part accepted, the disclosure of the estimation of versatile sort, for portable letters had been known and utilized for centuries,† clarifies Fontana. â€Å"It was the system for making the types† (28). This kind of print machine was, actually, previously being utilized in China, yet the innovation to make such a machine was at this point to be found in Europe. In attempting to assemble this machine, Gutenberg was confronted with a great many deterrents. Exactly when he would figure he may have aced it, he would experience another issue to fathom. â€Å"The development of typography was not,† noted Theo DeVinne in his work The Invention of Printing, â€Å"the consequence of a cheerful idea or of a blaze of motivation. It was not conceived in a day . . . it was thoroughly considered and created out† (376). In any case, he had two fundamental concerns: finding a gadget that would keep the letters set up, and making a press that would print unmistakably. Gutenberg before long thought of an answer for the first of the two issues. He paid a craftsman for the utilization of his winepress, in order to have â€Å"a appropriate bed for a page of metal letters to rest on,† and orchestrated the letters on one side of it (Fontana 22). He needed to think of a casing to hold the paper; at that point when one was prepared to print, they could bend a screw to press the paper facing the letters. The letters were to be made by emptying dissolved metal into a shape. At that point Gutenberg went over a few additional issues. The first was the topic of how to make the entirety of the letters the very same thickness with the goal that when they were squeezed against the paper, they would print equally. Likewise, he required an answer for putting restricted letters on thin metal bases and wide letters on wide bases. Utilizing a similar base for all letters would not exclusively be unfeasible in that it would squander space, it would likewise make the words look lopsided, with changed measured spaces between letters. Notwithstanding the width of the character, each metal piece must be a similar stature so the lines would not be slanted. DeVinne mentioned that â€Å"if the kinds of one character, as of the letter an, ought to be made the merest fool bigger or littler than its colleagues of a similar textual style, all the sorts, when formed, will show the results of the defect† (52). Gutenberg thought of two splendid plans to take care of the issues. So as to make the entirety of the letters a similar thickness, he made the form the ideal stature and included augmentations the sides to get any flooding metal. That way he could ensure that they would not be excessively thick, and as long as he poured metal to the top, they would not be excessively dainty. When dried, â€Å"this additional piece at the base of the metal letters inverse to the part the prints called the face, was effectively severed and smoothed before it was utilized for the printed page† (Fontana 30). With respect to making the letters various widths, he needed to make a customizable shape. He originally tested utilizing wood, and once idealized, he made one out of metal. He concocted a form that comprised of two L-molded pieces that could fit together, and slide to and fro to make the encased zone bigger or littler. Here Gutenberg experienced further difficulties. The lead he had been utilizing to make the letters was too delicate it was printing unevenly after only a couple of pages had been printed. Gutenberg tackled the issue of making the typeface sufficiently hard to oppose pressure by blending the lead in with parts of tin and a substance that acted like antimony,† solidifying the metal and forestalling development or shrinkage while the metal dried (Fontana 30). It likewise took a ton of looking to discover ink that was the correct consistency to leave a slight layer on paper. Should it be excessively slim, it would spread through the paper, and should it be excessively thick, it would bunch and seem lopsided. After fixing these issues, Gutenberg had concocted his first working print machine. With it, he printed duplicates of the main, second, and third versions of the Donatus. Be that as it may, hardly any individuals would buy the pages in light of the fact that many considered his innovation indecent, as they accepted written by hand content to be a holy craftsmanship. Likewise, there were still issues with the press. The sort face shifted an excessive amount of the lines would go from slender to thick and back to thin once more, and the ink didn't adhere to paper well. DeVinne reveals to us that â€Å"judged by present day norms, the sorts are awkward; the content letters are excessively thick and dark, and the capitals are of impolite structure, dark, and unreasonably little for the text† (421). The press itself took a great deal of solidarity, particularly when making different duplicates. These parts required improvement, so Gutenberg got the opportunity to work. He made increasingly characterized molds and more grounded metal letters, which took into consideration more slender printed lines. With expectations of in the end printing the Bible, Gutenberg attempted to make letters that would, when set together, look like the penmanship of recorders. It was a troublesome undertaking, however he figured out how to finish pages of lovely lettering, each having two segments. The main issue was that lone thirty-six lines would fit on a page, and Gutenberg needed to fit forty-two lines. Something else, the measure of pages to print the Bible would be a lot more prominent and all the more expensive. â€Å"If he had been just a standard visionary about extraordinary inventions,† trusts DeVinne, â€Å"he would have relinquished an undertaking so supported in with mechanical and money related difficulties† (416). It was around this time Gutenberg met John Fust, who offered to help fund his undertaking on the off chance that they could frame an association. Gutenberg concurred as he was incredibly needing a methods for paying for new hardware to make a forty-two-page press. DeVinne reports that these â€Å"small types were interesting; they were rarely utilized, so far as we probably am aware for some other work† (406). This was in all probability Gutenberg's most prominent error, since when Fust didn't get a brisk profit for his cash, he sued Gutenberg for practically the entirety of his gear, including the new print machine. This was a slowed down from which Gutenberg never recuperated, and however his innovation incredibly profited many, he kicked the bucket a poor man. The print machine had a sensational effect on European culture from various perspectives. One significant way that it influenced society was to realize a more elevated level of independence than had been before experienced. As Marshall McLuhan noted in his book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographical Man, â€Å"the conveyability of the book, much like that of easel-painting, added a lot to the new clique of individualism† (206). Since there was not, at this point the should be a piece of a University or religious community so as to approach books and instruction, individuals started investing increasingly more energy in their own, showing themselves, and along these lines, turning out to be increasingly autonomous. The appropriation of an exceptionally expanded number of books because of the development of the press additionally encouraged individualistic thoughts by allowing more individuals the chance to peruse, compelling them to decipher data themselves. In an oral culture, one is educated b

Northern Rock Risk Management Essay Example

Northern Rock: Risk Management Essay Northern Rock plc Risk Management Home Assignment Northern Rock plc Risk Management Home Assignment Authors: Serghei Leahu Alexandru Mangir Mihail Mavrin Seminar pioneer: Herbert Windsor Authors: Serghei Leahu Alexandru Mangir Mihail Mavrin Seminar pioneer: Herbert Windsor Table of Contents Executive summary2 Economic and money related condition description3 Causes and conditions of acquired losses5 Errors by the organisation8 Errors by inward and outside administering authorities10 The inner authorities10 The outer authorities10 Effects on other business organisations12 Conclusions14 References15 Executive outline According to the House of Common’s Treasury Committee’s Fifth Report of Session 2007-08 â€Å"The run on the Rock†, on the night of Thursday 13 September 2007 at 8. 30 PM the BBC declared that Northern Rock plc had requested and gotten crisis monetary help from the Bank of England. The conditions of the subsidizing office were settled in the early long periods of Friday 14 September and declared at 7. 00 AM that day. That day, long lines started to frame outside some of Northern Rock’s branches; later, its site crumbled and its telephone lines were accounted for to be stuck. The principal bank run in the United Kingdom since Victorian occasions was in progress. The reason for this home task is to fundamentally talk about the Northern Rock plc bank run from a flawed hazard the executives viewpoint. We try to look at what were the reasons for the breakdown of Britain’s fifth biggest home loan moneylender, related ramifications for both the bank and other budgetary establishments (both household and universal), the manner in which specialists adapted to this occasion and potential exercises to be drawn about appropriate and inappropriate hazard the executives. Monetary and budgetary condition depiction We will compose a custom exposition test on Northern Rock: Risk Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Northern Rock: Risk Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Northern Rock: Risk Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For a superior comprehension of the subtleties of hazard the executives issues that inundated Northern Rock plc, it is of imperative significance to most importantly investigate the monetary condition during the time of the misfortune. Genuine GDP development projections starting at 4 April 2007 Country/Region| 2006| 2007| 2008| United States| 3,25| 2,25| 2,5| Western Europe| 2,75| 2,5| 2,25| United Kingdom| 2,75| 2,5| Other West Europe| 3,75| 3| 2,75| Euro area| 2,75| 2,5| 2| Emerging markets| 7,25| 6,5| 6,25| World(WEO weights)| 5,25| 4,25| In August of 2007, the UK ended up influenced by worldwide money related tumult. Refering to bank Credit Europe (2007), the liquidity emergency started from the US subprime contract advertise. In territory Europe, the emergency is accepted to have been activated when French based bank BNP Paribas suspended three of its speculation supports that were presented to the US showcases that exchanged harmful resources, as revealed by BBC News on 9 August 2007. Subsequently, share costs dove and banks would not keep loaning to one another. In this way, all significant national banks the world over began infusing liquidity into their local markets in comparative endeavors. The European Central Bank tried to quiet the tide by purportedly siphoning $130 billion in the European financial framework. It tried to fulfill Eurozone liquidity requests as quick as could be expected under the circumstances, dissimilar to the Bank of England who left UK banks claims for liquidity disrupted. The Bank of England didn't go with the same pattern and took no possibility quantifies so as to ensure against moral peril. Their justification was that an infusion would instigate banks to take on greater liquidity hazard, resting sound realizing that the Bank of England would figure out how to spare them. Infusing cash into economy to forestall emergency have two significant dangers, initial one is easing back development a lot if there should be an occurrence of attempting to abstain from giving new cash, and second one is that swelling weights will ascend in the event of giving a lot of , toward the end even with a more noteworthy stoppage. Because of these dangers, the bank of England didn't infuse cash into the UK budgetary framework. Additionally, behind the financial condition an enormous impact on any business has the world of politics. Its belongings are considerably more noteworthy during a time of crucial time in budgetary frameworks where trust and certainty is critical. In the UK for instance, the money related framework is managed by the Tripartite framework: the Bank of England, the Financial Services Authority and the Treasury. As indicated by Aldrick (2007), in spite of the fact that their jobs are clear, there was no general position when the emergency struck, which implied that everybody was pointing fingers around, however no one had the option to take the enormous piece of obligation regarding reactionary measures. All things considered, why Northern Rock, out of the entirety of the UK’s money related foundations, end up being the most fragile connection? Why had the credit crunch influenced it in such uncommon design? Was it its very own casualty doing or were other outside powers associated with the bank run? We plan to address these inquiries under after headings. Causes and conditions of brought about misfortunes According to ex-Unilever, British Gas and KPMG chief Mike Barnato, chance is the enemy of chance. No boats could ever leave port if skippers needed to keep away from dangers related with ocean travel. In this manner, hazard must be overseen so as to accomplish goals at all levels: private, corporate, state. Be that as it may, the good old way to deal with hazard the board, for example, distinguish chance, measure likelihood, check impact, and recognize responses, routinely dismisses more extensive individuals and key issues. As expressed by the Financial Services Authority, liquidity chance is characterized as â€Å"the chance that a firm, despite the fact that asset report dissolvable, can't keep up or create adequate money assets to meet its installment commitments in full as they fall due, or can just do as such at really disadvantageous terms. † Initially settled as a structure society, Northern Rock demutualised in October of 1997 and turned into a plc. The banks solidified asset report became no under sixfold, because of a total upgrade in its corporate system. As per the Treasury Committee Report (2008), CEO Mr Adam Applegarth asserted that Northern Rocks resources increment by 20% give or take 5% throughout the previous 17 years. Supportability for the high development of benefits was to originated from a rebuilding of its liabilities. The year 1999 denoted the start of the supposed begin and disseminate model, which included beginning or buying advances and moving them to SPVs (Special Purpose Vehicle), which thusly bundle these credits into collateralised obligation commitments (CDOs) to offer to outsider speculators. Around half of Northern Rocks financing (originating from securitised notes) was given by SPV Granite, enrolled in Jersey. The continually developing financing need was expected to be met by methods for securitising bonds utilizing a LLP (Limited Liability Partnership), which permitted the bank to keep holding its advantages and issue resource upheld protections on their premise. This was a rewarding and very secure arrangement for financial specialists. As discount financing significantly expanded, the extent of retail stores as methods for subsidizing continuously diminished, by 2006 totalling 22. 4% of all out value and liabilities instead of no under 62% in 1997. The Northern Rock emergency was brought about by a verly forceful plan of action, which depended fundamentally on discount showcase subsidizing, as opposed to its own stores. Fast development was reasonable, in light of the fact that subsidizing from stores would not even close to be as conceivably high as discount financing. By the by, this dependence presented the bank to a fast approaching liquidity hazard. UK currency markets will undoub tedly be hit by a liquidity emergency, following pressure in the US as the Feds loan cost was everywhere. The main portion of 2007 saw contract loaning go up by 31% contrasted with a similar time of 2006. Northern Rocks advance book quality was a reasonable welcome blessing, as loaning quality radically diminished. The bank was parting with contracts left and right to clients whose credit value was obscure most definitely. It is nothing unexpected that numerous similitudes can be drawn between Northern Rocks plan of action and the plan of action of US contract banks. In any case, astounding is the way that Northern Rocks the executives evidently didn't endeavor to deal with the conspicuous liquidity and operational dangers having instances of home loan moneylenders over the Atlantic that were unmistakably redefining known limits. As per the Treasury Committee Report (2008), on 9 August 2007 it became perfectly clear that Northern Rock would confront extreme issues if the currency markets kept on being solidified as they were. It was on that day that the banks brokers noticed a separation in the market for its subsidizing. This was the impact of a worldwide monetary framework stun activated by the US subprime contract showcase. While this stun was initially credit based and it didn't legitimately open Northern Rock to the feared liquidity chance, its belongings scrutinized the estimation of advantage upheld protections and related items held by huge budgetary organizations around the globe. Generally speaking business sector liquidity was extremely precarious because of the way that holders of advantage sponsored protections didn't have data in regards to advance quality and default rates, to which originators of these protections had get to, so the subsidizing of these monetary instruments got hazardous. As Northern Rock was coming up short on money since its last securitisation in May and another was expected in September at the soonest, the liquidity freeze hit the manage an account with tragically

Use Your 5 Senses to Manage Stress Levels

Use Your 5 Senses to Manage Stress Levels PTSD Coping Print Use Your 5 Senses to Manage Stress Levels By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on January 22, 2020 PeopleImages.com/DigitalVision/Getty Images More in PTSD Coping Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions PTSD and the Military In This Article Table of Contents Expand Importance of Self-Soothing Touch Taste Smell Sight Sound Implementing These Strategies View All Back To Top When you are upset, it is important to have ways of coping with stress. There are many ways to relieve stress and among them are what we sometimes call self-soothing skills or techniques. These are simple things that you can do wherever youre at that can bring calm to your mind and body. Why Are Self-Soothing Skills Important? Coping strategies are diverse, just like the people who rely on them. When stress and anxiety hit, its a good idea to have a few skills ready to help you find relief. For example, seeking out social support can be an excellent way of improving your mood. However, symptoms of PTSD, such as unpleasant memories or thoughts about a past traumatic event, can sometimes occur unexpectedly. It is times like these when social support may not be readily available. Therefore, it is important to learn coping strategies that you can do on your own. Coping strategies are focused on your emotions and often described as self-soothing or self-care coping strategies. The most effective strategies involve one or more of the five senses â€" touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. Lets take a look at some self-soothing techniques you can try for each sense. The Soothing Aspects of Touch Your skin is the largest organ in your body and it is very sensitive to external stimulus. This makes it a powerful tool in your ability to relax, unwind, and find relief from the stress that youre feeling. Water is one of the ways that you can feel instant relief. That can come from soaking in a warm bath or going for a swim. Likewise, you can give your skin a warm touch by simply sitting in the warmth of the sun or changing into your most comfortable clothes. Among other things, you might try are taking a few minutes to stretch your musclesâ€"possibly through a few simple yoga poses or tai chi movementsâ€"or getting a massage. Even taking a few minutes to play with and pet an animal can be amazingly beneficial to your mood. The Tastes That Can Soothe While its best to try not to turn to food for comfort all the time, there is something to be said about its effects on mood. Many of us have learned that hunger can lead to irritability and this can impact stress levels as well. Rather than turning to junk food to make yourself feel better, try sucking on hard candy or sipping a cup of soothing herbal tea. You may also find ease in a comforting meal. Try to include healthy foods so you maintain a healthy body as well as a healthy mind. The Refreshing Power of Smell A number of research studies have looked into the positive benefits of aromatherapy. It is often one of the recommended natural treatments for people dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, and problems with sleep. For instance, one study found that intensive care patients with anxiety slept better after inhaling lavender essential oil.?? In a meta-analysis of various clinical studies, researchers found that aromas can play a positive role in stress management.?? There are many ways you can take advantage of soothing scents. Browsing a flower shop or spending time literally smelling the roses in a garden can brighten your mood. Likewise, simply stepping outside and taking a deep breath of fresh air can provide instant stress relief. Lavender, vanilla, bergamot and a number of other fragrances have proven to reduce stress as well. You can get these through scented candles, aromatherapy diffusers with essential oils, or a variety of other products. Take Your Mind off It With Sight Distractions can be a good thing, particularly when your mind is stuck on your stress triggers. Sometimes its best to just find something amusing or interesting to look at.   Some of the techniques you might use include reading a good book or simply watching the clouds pass by. You can also entertain yourself by watching a funny movie or television show. Many people also find it beneficial to reflect on happy times or hopes and dreams. You might want to look through pictures of your loved ones or a past vacation that was filled with fun and joy. Of course, you can also daydream about places you want to visit. Look for things around you that make you smile and its likely the stress will dissipate. Relax With Sound Your sense of sound is just as effective as the rest in setting you up for a positive emotional state. Music therapy has become a recommended treatment for people with depression, anxiety, and stress. No matter where you are, you can feel these effects by listening to relaxing music or singing to yourself.?? You might even try saying  positive statements to yourself as a verbal form of self-encouragement. Some people have also found that playing a musical instrument or learning how to play one has helped them reduce their stress. Putting These Strategies to Work When engaging in these strategies, make sure to focus completely on the task at hand. That is, be mindful of your senses and what you are experiencing. Anytime you are distracted, simply bring your attention back to what you are doing. Come up with your own self-soothing strategies that you can do when you are upset. Try to list as many as you can. The more you have at your disposal, the better off you will be in improving your mood when you are experiencing distress. How Proper Self Care Can Reduce Your Stress Levels

Research Proposals about Internet Dating

Early 21st century is when the internet came to the limelight as a device that can be used to access any place so long as it has a phone and the possibility of accessing the internet, always referred to,â€Å"as a global village†. This is because of its ability to transmit information to where one can access the phone and the internet itself.In addition, most of the people these days who use it have incorporated the same into their cultures. Before, the use of internet was a virtual reality but currently it has become a reality rather than just an ideology. Though most of the elderly people are not addicts of the social networks such as Flickr, Yahoo messenger, Facebook, Tagged, Twitter etc. these attributes are related to the college students who are said to be the major population that experience the consequences of the internet dating, which can be either positive or negative. Hypothesis The question, what is the effect of internet dating on relationships stability among college students? May be tackled by answering the following hypothetical questions: Is it true that most of the current relationships are generated from internet dating? Does it mean that most of the campus relationships are unstable currently because of the internet dating? Do most people prefer internet dating than the actual dating? Does internet dating have positive or negative consequences for the people involved in such? Methodology A methodology is the study of methods of research. To be able to come up with concrete information about the internet dating and its consequences to college students specifically, the application of a reliable research methodology will be essential to be able to determine the result of the hypothetical questions. In this research proposal, to be able to find out the effect and what are the consequences of internet dating to college students in relation to the stability of their relationships, the application of: Questionnaire, Observation, Interview will be the research methodologies applied in order to retrieve resourceful information about internet dating. A reason for the following research methodologies is Questionnaires This will enable the interviewee to have a free environment by the application of open-ended questions to be able to retrieve first-hand information. Observation This enables the researcher to be able to have an external view about the situation at hand in this case. Viewing from a distance by observing the number of people indulging in internet dating, or indulging herself in the internet-dating environment, to be able to determine the number of people involved in the same etc. Interview this will enable the researcher to be able to have a personal contact with the person involved in internet dating to be able to understand the same. This will also enhance the acquisition of first-hand information. All these three-research methodologies are applied to supplement each other in the process itself to be able to come out with the actual information regarding internet dating. Data collection and analysis Observation In the research a study group comprising of couples whose relationships had been initiated online was put into perspective. Individuals who had also met via internet dating and later on broke up were also put under observation.   This was in a bid to avoid biasness of information collected and ensure that it is objective in content and based on concrete facts. User of online dating facilities in their relationships was also observed. The behavior and general conduct of individuals who are participants in online dating was keenly observed. This included different individuals from different regions. The main purpose of this data collection method was ton assist in getting first hand information on the effects of internet dating to relationships. Interview Interviews were also conducted with the internet dating participants being the target population of the research. The interviews were conducted privately with the participants so as to enhance confidentiality of the interviewee. With the assurance of confidentiality of their personality the target audience was able to give information objectively and on an honest account. Approximately fifteen minutes was invested in an interviewee so as to retrieve as much information as possible. The interviewees were in turn cooperative in the availing of information. This method enabled promoting of specific answers from the interviewee hence enabling retrieval of needed information. Questioner To enhance confidentiality in the dissemination of information questioners were employed as a means of sourcing for information in the research. The questioners were inclusive by ensuring the incorporation of questions that would enable retrieval of the much needed information for the research. The response received was commendable since 80% of the questioners distributed were successfully filled before submission. Analysis From the data collected it was discovered that internet dating had both positive and negative effects toward relationships. Its most positive effect was its ability to sustain communication between long distance couples. Social sites such as face book, twitter as well as Skype were noted to be the most widely used by online daters. This was mainly attributed to their cost efficiency and reliability since, communication is instant. Long distant couples thus felt fully advantaged by this. However other coup0les viewed it as an agent that greatly weakened relationships since it discouraged physical contacts of individuals. Psychologist argue that physical contact which involves face to face communication is crucial for the enhancement of relationships since it strengthens the   bonding that is needed in for the sustain ace of relationships. He further argued that relationships at campus were at great risk due to the massive use of social sites for dating. They are thus more virtual than physical. This was noted to be a major contributing factor to the occurrence of a lot of breakups and unstable relationships in campus. Conclusion In a wrap up, internet dating was found to be positive as well as negative with regards to its influence on relationships. The positive side of it was its cost effectiveness in maintaining of communication between long distance couples as well as encouraging diversity in choice of partners. The major negative effect noted was the loss of physical touch between couples since it was discovered to be more virtual than physical in approach. In a nut shell, the benefits derived from internet dating are more influenced by the individual who uses them. An individual thus has an option of using it to his or her own advantage. References C, D. D. (2004). Internet Dating. New York: One Dana Press. Flaherty, A. E. (2005). Internet Dating: the primary effect for physical attractiveness and similarity. Arkansas: University of Central Arkansas, Dept of Psychology and Counseling. Giffen, R. (2003). Internet Dating: Tips, Tricks and Tactics. Chicago: Adenaline and Lalor Press. Nagy, D. (2003). Dating 911: The Ultimate Guide to Internet Dating Safety. New York: iUniverse.

Robert Benchley on How to Avoid Writing

Humorist Robert Benchley describes the sort of commitment that not writing demands. It took me fifteen years to discover that I had no talent for writing, Robert Benchley once said. But I couldnt give it up because by that time I was too famous. In truth, Benchley had a great talent for writing—comic essays, for the most part, and theater criticism. But as Benchley was quick to admit, he had an even greater talent for not writing: The secret of my incredible energy and efficiency in getting work done is a simple one. I have based it very deliberately on a well-known psychological principle and have refined it so that it is now almost too refined. I shall have to begin coarsening it up again pretty soon.The psychological principle is this: anyone can do any amount of work, provided it isnt the work he is supposed to be doing at that moment.(How to Get Things Done in Chips off the Old Benchley, 1949) A master procrastinator, Benchley is remembered for his work at The New Yorker magazine in the 1930s—and even more for his deadline-defying high jinks at the Algonquin Round Table. Like many of us, Benchley maintained a strict writing regimen, which involved postponing work until the last possible minute. In How I Create, he described the sort of commitment that not writing calls for: Very often I must wait weeks and weeks for what you call inspiration. In the meantime I must sit with my quill pen poised in the air over a sheet of foolscap, in case the divine spark should come like a lightning bolt and knock me off my chair on to my head. (This has happened more than once.) . . .Sometimes, while in the throes of creative work, I get out of bed in the morning, look at my writing desk piled high with old bills, old gloves, and empty ginger-ale bottles, and go right back to bed again. The next thing I know it is night once more, and time for the Sand Man to come around. (We have a Sand Man who comes twice a day, which makes it very convenient. We give him five dollars at Christmas.)Even if I do get up and put on part of my clothes—I do all my work in a Hawaiian straw skirt and bow tie of some neutral shade—I can often think of nothing to do but pile the books which are on one end of my desk very neatly on the other end and then kick them one by one off to the floor with my free foot.I find that, while working, a pipe is a great source of inspiration. A pipe can be placed diagonally across the keys of a typewriter so that they will not function, or it can be made to give out such a cloud of smoke that I cannot see the paper. Then, there is the process of lighting it. I can making a pipe a ritual which has not been equaled for elaborateness since the five-day festival to the God of the Harvest. (See my book on Rituals: the Man.)In the first place, owing to 26 years of constant smoking without once calling in a plumber, the space left for tobacco in the bowl of my pipe is now the size of a medium body-pore. Once the match has been applied to the tobacco therein the smoke is over. This necessitates refilling, relighting, and reknocking. The knocking out of a pipe can be made almost as important as the smoking of it, especially if there are nervous people in the room. A good smart knock of a pipe against a tin wastebasket and you will have a neurasthenic out of his chair and into the window sash in no time.The matches, too, have their place in the construction of modern literature. With a pipe like mine, the supply of burnt matches in one day could be floated down the St. Lawrence River with two men jumping them. . . .(from No Poems, or Around the World Backwards and Sideways, 1932) Eventually, of course—after sharpening pencils, making out schedules, composing a few letters, changing typewriter ribbons, relighting his pipe, building a book shelf, and clipping pictures of tropical fish out of magazines—Benchley did get down to work. If youd welcome some advice on how to skip all the preliminaries, see Writers on Writing: Overcoming Writers Block  and Writing Rituals and Routines: Advice on How to Become a More Disciplined Writer. .

The Subtle Knife Chapter Thirteen Free Essays

string(17) " long way to go\." Chapter Thirteen Aesahaettr As the moon rose, the witches began their spell to heal Will’s wound. They woke him and asked him to lie the knife on the ground where it caught a glitter of starlight. Lyra sat nearby stirring some herbs in a pot of boiling water over a fire, and while her companions clapped and stamped and cried in rhythm, Serafina crouched over the knife and sang in a high, fierce tone: â€Å"Little knife! They tore your iron out of Mother Earth’s entrails, built a fire and boiled the ore, made it weep and bleed and flood, hammered it and tempered it, plunging it in icy water, heating it inside the forge till your blade was blood-red, scorching! Then they made you wound the water once again, and yet again, till the steam was boiling fog and the water cried for mercy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Subtle Knife Chapter Thirteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now And when you sliced a single shade into thirty thousand shadows, then they knew that you were ready, then they called you subtle one. But little knife, what have you done? Unlocked blood-gates, left them wide! Little knife, your mother calls you, from the entrails of the earth, from her deepest mines and caverns, from her secret iron womb. Listen!† And Serafina stamped again and clapped her hands with the other witches, and they shook their throats to make a wild ululation that tore at the air like claws. Will, seated in the middle of them, felt a chill at the core of his spine. Then Serafina Pekkala turned to Will himself, and took his wounded hand in both of hers. When she sang this time, he nearly flinched, so fierce was her high, clear voice, so glittering her eyes; but he sat without moving, and let the spell go on. â€Å"Blood! Obey me! Turn around, be a lake and not a river. When you reach the open air, stop! And build a clotted wall, build it firm to hold the flood back. Blood, your sky is the skull-dome, your sun is the open eye, your wind the breath inside the lungs, blood, your world is bounded. Stay there!† Will thought he could feel all the atoms of his body responding to her command, and he joined in, urging his leaking blood to listen and obey. She put his hand down and turned to the little iron pot over the fire. A bitter steam was rising from it, and Will heard the liquid bubbling fiercely. Serafina sang: â€Å"Oak bark, spider silk, ground moss, saltweed – grip close, bind tight, hold fast, close up, bar the door, lock the gate, stiffen the blood-wall, dry the gore-flood.† Then the witch took her own knife and split an alder sapling along its whole length. The wounded whiteness gleamed open in the moon. She daubed some of the steaming liquid into the split, then closed up the wood, easing it together from the root to the tip. And the sapling was whole again. Will heard Lyra gasp, and turned to see another witch holding a squirming, struggling hare in her tough hands. The animal was panting, wild-eyed, kicking furiously, but the witch’s hands were merciless. In one she held its forelegs and with the other she grasped its hind legs and pulled the frenzied hare out straight, its heaving belly upward. Serafina’s knife swept across it. Will felt himself grow dizzy, and Lyra was restraining Pantalaimon, hare-formed himself in sympathy, who was bucking and snapping in her arms. The real hare fell still, eyes bulging, breast heaving, entrails glistening. But Serafina took some more of the decoction and trickled it into the gaping wound, and then closed up the wound with her fingers, smoothing the wet fur over it until there was no wound at all. The witch holding the animal relaxed her grip and let it gently to the ground, where it shook itself, turned to lick its flank, flicked its ears, and nibbled a blade of grass as if it were completely alone. Suddenly it seemed to become aware of the circle of witches around it, and like an arrow it shot away, whole again, bounding swiftly off into the dark. Lyra, soothing Pantalaimon, glanced at Will and saw that he knew what it meant: the medicine was ready. He held out his hand, and as Serafina daubed the steaming mixture on the bleeding stumps of his fingers he looked away and breathed in sharply several times, but he didn’t flinch. Once his open flesh was thoroughly soaked, the witch pressed some of the sodden herbs onto the wounds and tied them tight around with a strip of silk. And that was it; the spell was done. Will slept deeply through the rest of the night. It was cold, but the witches piled leaves over him, and Lyra slept huddled close behind his back. In the morning Serafina dressed his wound again, and he tried to see from her expression whether it was healing, but her face was calm and impassive. Once they’d eaten, Serafina told the children that the witches had agreed that since they’d come into this world to find Lyra and be her guardians, they’d help Lyra do what she now knew her task to be: namely, to guide Will to his father. So they all set off; and it was quiet going for the most part. Lyra consulted the alethiometer to begin with, but warily, and learned that they should travel in the direction of the distant mountains they could see across the great bay. Never having been this high above the city, they weren’t aware of how the coastline curved, and the mountains had been below the horizon; but now when the trees thinned, or when a slope fell away below them, they could look out to the empty blue sea and to the high blue mountains beyond, which were their destination. It seemed a long way to go. You read "The Subtle Knife Chapter Thirteen" in category "Essay examples" They spoke little. Lyra was busy looking at all the life in the forest, from woodpeckers to squirrels to little green moss snakes with diamonds down their backs, and Will needed all his energy simply to keep going. Lyra and Pantalaimon discussed him endlessly. â€Å"We could look at the alethiometer,† Pantalaimon said at one point when they’d dawdled on the path to see how close they could get to a browsing fawn before it saw them. â€Å"We never promised not to. And we could find out all kinds of things for him. We’d be doing it for him, not for us.† â€Å"Don’t be stupid,† Lyra said. â€Å"It would be us we’d be doing it for, ’cause he’d never ask. You’re just greedy and nosy, Pan.† â€Å"That makes a change. It’s normally you who’s greedy and nosy, and me who has to warn you not to do things. Like in the retiring room at Jordan. I never wanted to go in there.† â€Å"If we hadn’t, Pan, d’you think all this would have happened?† â€Å"No. ‘Cause the Master would have poisoned Lord Asriel, and that would’ve been the end of it.† â€Å"Yeah, I suppose†¦ Who d’you think Will’s father is, though? And why’s he important?† â€Å"That’s what I mean! We could find out in a moment!† And she looked wistful. â€Å"I might have done once,† she said, â€Å"but I’m changing, I think, Pan.† â€Å"No you’re not.† â€Å"You might not be†¦ Hey, Pan, when I change, you’ll stop changing. What’re you going to be?† â€Å"A flea, I hope.† â€Å"No, but don’t you get any feelings about what you might be?† â€Å"No. I don’t want to, either.† â€Å"You’re sulking because I won’t do what you want.† He changed into a pig and grunted and squealed and snorted till she laughed at him, and then he changed into a squirrel and darted through the branches beside her. â€Å"Who do you think his father is?† Pantalaimon said. â€Å"D’you think he could be anyone we met?† â€Å"Could be. But he’s bound to be someone important, almost as important as Lord Asriel. Bound to be. We know what we’re doing is important, after all.† â€Å"We don’t know it,† Pantalaimon pointed out. â€Å"We think it is, but we don’t know. We just decided to look for Dust because Roger died.† â€Å"We know it’s important!† Lyra said hotly, and she even stamped her foot. â€Å"And so do the witches. They come all this way to look for us just to be my guardians and help me! And we got to help Will find his father. That’s important. You know it is, too, else you wouldn’t have licked him when he was wounded. Why’d you do that, anyway? You never asked me if you could. I couldn’t believe it when you did that.† â€Å"I did it because he didn’t have a daemon, and he needed one. And if you were half as good at seeing things as you think you are, you’d’ve known that.† â€Å"I did know it, really,† she said. They stopped then, because they had caught up with Will, who was sitting on a rock beside the path. Pantalaimon became a flycatcher, and as he flew among the branches, Lyra said, â€Å"Will, what d’you think those kids’ll do now?† â€Å"They won’t be following us. They were too frightened of the witches. Maybe they’ll just go back to drifting about.† â€Å"Yeah, probably. They might want to use the knife, though. They might come after us for that.† â€Å"Let them. They’re not having it, not now. I didn’t want it at first. But if it can kill the Specters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I never trusted Angelica, not from the beginning,† Lyra said virtuously. â€Å"Yes, you did,† he said. â€Å"Yeah. I did, really†¦ I hated it in the end, that city.† â€Å"I thought it was heaven when I first found it. I couldn’t imagine anything better than that. And all the time it was full of Specters, and we never knew†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well, I won’t trust kids again,† said Lyra. â€Å"I thought back at Bolvangar that whatever grownups did, however bad it was, kids were different. They wouldn’t do cruel things like that. But I en’t sure now. I never seen kids like that before, and that’s a fact.† â€Å"I have,† said Will. â€Å"When? In your world?† â€Å"Yeah,† he said, awkwardly. Lyra waited and sat still, and presently he went on. â€Å"It was when my mother was having one of her bad times. She and me, we lived on our own, see, because obviously my father wasn’t there. And every so often she’d start thinking things that weren’t true. And having to do things that didn’t make sense – not to me, anyway. I mean she had to do them or else she’d get upset and afraid, and so I used to help her. Like touching all the railings in the park, or counting the leaves on a bush – that kind of thing. She used to get better after a while. But I was afraid of anyone finding out she was like that, because I thought they’d take her away, so I used to look after her and hide it. I never told anyone.† â€Å"And once she got afraid when I wasn’t there to help her. I was at school. And she went out and she wasn’t wearing very much, only she didn’t know. And some boys from my school, they found her, and they started†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Will’s face was hot. Without being able to help it he found himself walking up and down and looking away from Lyra because his voice was unsteady and his eyes were watering. He went on: â€Å"They were tormenting her just like those kids at the tower with the cat†¦ They thought she was mad and they wanted to hurt her, maybe kill her, I wouldn’t be surprised. She was just different and they hated her. Anyway, I found her and I got her home. And the next day in school I fought the boy who was leading them. I fought him and I broke his arm and I think I broke some of his teeth – I don’t know. And I was going to fight the rest of them, too, but I got in trouble and I realized I better stop because they’d find out – I mean the teachers and the authorities. They’d go to my mother and complain about me, and then they’d find out about how she was and take her away. So I just pretended to be sorry and told the teachers I wouldnâ₠¬â„¢t do it again, and they punished me for fighting and I still said nothing. But I kept her safe, see. No one knew apart from those boys, and they knew what I’d do if they said anything; they knew I’d kill them another time. Not just hurt them. And a bit later she got better again. No one knew, ever.† â€Å"But after that I never trusted children any more than grownups. They’re just as keen to do bad things. So I wasn’t surprised when those kids in Ci’gazze did that.† â€Å"But I was glad when the witches came.† He sat down again with his back to Lyra and, still not looking at her, he wiped his hand across his eyes. She pretended not to see. â€Å"Will,† she said, â€Å"what you said about your mother†¦ and Tullio, when the Specters got him†¦ and when you said yesterday that you thought the Specters came from your world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes. Because it doesn’t make sense, what was happening to her. She wasn’t mad. Those kids might think she was mad and laugh at her and try to hurt her, but they were wrong; she wasn’t mad. Except that she was afraid of things I couldn’t see. And she had to do things that looked crazy; you couldn’t see the point of them, but obviously she could. Like her counting all the leaves, or Tullio yesterday touching the stones in the wall. Maybe that was a way of trying to put the Specters off. If they turned their back on something frightening behind them and tried to get really interested in the stones and how they fit together, or the leaves on the bush, like if only they could make themselves find that really important, they’d be safe. I don’t know. It looks like that. There were real things for her to be frightened of, like those men who came and robbed us, but there was something else as well as them. So maybe we do have the Specter s in my world, only we can’t see them and we haven’t got a name for them, but they’re there, and they keep trying to attack my mother. So that’s why I was glad yesterday when the alethiometer said she was all right.† He was breathing fast, and his right hand was gripping the handle of the knife in its sheath. Lyra said nothing, and Pantalaimon kept very still. â€Å"When did you know you had to look for your father?† she said after a while. â€Å"A long time ago,† he told her. â€Å"I used to pretend he was a prisoner and I’d help him escape. I had long games by myself doing that; it used to go on for days. Or else he was on this desert island and I’d sail there and bring him home. And he’d know exactly what to do about everything – about my mother, especially – and she’d get better and he’d look after her and me and I could just go to school and have friends and I’d have a mother and a father, too. So I always said to myself that when I grew up I’d go and look for my father†¦ And my mother used to tell me that I was going to take up my father’s mantle. She used to say that to make me feel good. I didn’t know what it meant, but it sounded important.† â€Å"Didn’t you have friends?† â€Å"How could I have friends?† he said, simply puzzled. â€Å"Friends†¦ They come to your house and they know your parents and†¦ Sometimes a boy might ask me around to his house, and I might go or I might not, but I could never ask him back. So I never had friends, really. I would have liked†¦ I had my cat,† he went on. â€Å"I hope she’s all right now. I hope someone’s looking after her.† â€Å"What about the man you killed?† Lyra said, her heart beating hard. â€Å"Who was he?† â€Å"I don’t know. If I killed him, I don’t care. He deserved it. There were two of them. They kept coming to the house and pestering my mother till she was afraid again, and worse than ever. They wanted to know all about my father, and they wouldn’t leave her alone. I’m not sure if they were police or what. I thought at first they were part of a gang or something, and they thought my father had robbed a bank, maybe, and hidden the money. But they didn’t want money; they wanted papers. They wanted some letters that my father had sent. They broke into the house one day, and then I saw it would be safer if my mother was somewhere else. See, I couldn’t go to the police and ask them for help, because they’d take my mother away. I didn’t know what to do.† â€Å"So in the end I asked this old lady who used to teach me the piano. She was the only person I could think of. I asked her if my mother could stay with her, and I took her there. I think she’ll look after her all right. Anyway, I went back to the house to look for these letters, because I knew where she kept them, and I got them, and the men came to look and broke into the house again. It was nighttime, or early morning. And I was hiding at the top of the stairs and Moxie – my cat, Moxie – she came out of the bedroom. And I didn’t see her, nor did the man, and when I knocked into him she tripped him up, and he fell right to the bottom of the stairs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And I ran away. That’s all that happened. So I didn’t mean to kill him, but I don’t care if I did. I ran away and went to Oxford and then I found that window. And that only happened because I saw the other cat and stopped to watch her, and she found the window first. If I hadn’t seen her†¦ or if Moxie hadn’t come out of the bedroom then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yeah,† said Lyra, â€Å"that was lucky. And me and Pan were thinking just now, what if I’d never gone into the wardrobe in the retiring room at Jordan and seen the Master put poison in the wine? None of this would have happened either.† Both of them sat silent on the moss-covered rock in the slant of sunlight through the old pines and thought how many tiny chances had conspired to bring them to this place. Each of those chances might have gone a different way. Perhaps in another world, another Will had not seen the window in Sunderland Avenue, and had wandered on tired and lost toward the Midlands until he was caught. And in another world another Pantalaimon had persuaded another Lyra not to stay in the retiring room, and another Lord Asriel had been poisoned, and another Roger had survived to play with that Lyra forever on the roofs and in the alleys of another unchanging Oxford. Presently Will was strong enough to go on, and they moved together along the path, with the great forest quiet around them. They traveled on through the day, resting, moving, resting again, as the trees grew thinner and the land more rocky. Lyra checked the alethiometer: Keep going, it said; this is the right direction. At noon they came to a village untroubled by Specters. Goats pastured on the hillside, a grove of lemon trees cast shade on the stony ground, and children playing in the stream called out and ran for their mothers at the sight of the girl in the tattered clothing, and the white-faced, fierce-eyed boy in the bloodstained shirt, and the elegant greyhound that walked beside them. The grownups were wary but willing to sell some bread and cheese and fruit for one of Lyra’s gold coins. The witches kept out of the way, though both children knew they’d be there in a second if any danger threatened. After another round of Lyra’s bargaining, one old woman sold them two flasks of goatskin and a fine linen shirt, and Will renounced his filthy T-shirt with relief, washing himself in the icy stream and lying to dry in the hot sun afterward. Refreshed, they moved on. The land was harsher now; for shade they had to rest in the shadow of rocks, not under wide-spreading trees, and the ground underfoot was hot through the soles of their shoes. The sun pounded at their eyes. They moved more and more slowly as they climbed, and when the sun touched the mountain rims and they saw a little valley open below them, they decided to go no farther. They scrambled down the slope, nearly losing their footing more than once, and then had to shove their way through thickets of dwarf rhododendrons whose dark glossy leaves and crimson flower clusters were heavy with the hum of bees. They came out in the evening shade on a wild meadow bordering a stream. The grass was knee-high and thick with cornflowers, gentians, cinquefoil. Will drank deeply in the stream and then lay down. He couldn’t stay awake, and he couldn’t sleep, either; his head was spinning, a daze of strangeness hung over everything, and his hand was sore and throbbing. And what was worse, it had begun to bleed again. When Serafina looked at it, she put more herbs on the wound, and tied the silk tighter than ever, but this time her face was troubled. He didn’t want to question her, for what would be the point? It was plain to him that the spell hadn’t worked, and he could see she knew it too. As darkness fell, he heard Lyra come to lie down close by, and presently he heard a soft purring. Her daemon, cat-formed, was dozing with folded paws only a foot or two away from him, and Will whispered, â€Å"Pantalaimon?† The daemon’s eyes opened. Lyra didn’t stir. Pantalaimon whispered, â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Pan, am I going to die?† â€Å"The witches won’t let you die. Nor will Lyra.† â€Å"But the spell didn’t work. I keep losing blood. I can’t have much left to lose. And it’s bleeding again, and it won’t stop. I’m frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Lyra doesn’t think you are.† â€Å"Doesn’t she?† â€Å"She thinks you’re the bravest fighter she ever saw, as brave as Iorek Byrnison.† â€Å"I suppose I better try not to seem frightened, then,† Will said. He was quiet for a minute or so, and then he said, â€Å"I think Lyra’s braver than me. I think she’s the best friend I ever had.† â€Å"She thinks that about you as well,† whispered the daemon. Presently Will closed his eyes. Lyra lay unmoving, but her eyes were wide-open in the dark, and her heart was beating hard. When Will next became aware of things, it was completely dark, and his hand was hurting more than ever. He sat up carefully and saw a fire burning not far away, where Lyra was trying to toast some bread on a forked stick. There were a couple of birds roasting on a spit as well, and as Will came to sit nearby, Serafina Pekkala flew down. â€Å"Will,† she said, â€Å"eat these leaves before you have any other food.† She gave him a handful of soft bitter-tasting leaves somewhat like sage, and he chewed them silently and forced them down. They were astringent, but he felt more awake and less cold, and the better for it. They ate the roasted birds, seasoning them with lemon juice, and then another witch brought some blueberries she’d found below the scree, and then the witches gathered around the fire. They talked quietly; some of them had flown high up to spy, and one had seen a balloon over the sea. Lyra sat up at once. â€Å"Mr. Scoresby’s balloon?† she said. â€Å"There were two men in it, but it was too far away to see who they were. A storm was gathering behind them.† Lyra clapped her hands. â€Å"If Mr. Scoresby’s coming,† she said, â€Å"we’ll be able to fly, Will! Oh, I hope it’s him! I never said good-bye to him, and he was so kind. I wish I could see him again, I really do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The witch Juta Kamainen was listening, with her red-breasted robin daemon bright-eyed on her shoulder, because the mention of Lee Scoresby had reminded her of the quest he’d set out on. She was the witch who had loved Stanislaus Grumman and whose love he’d turned down, the witch Serafina Pekkala had brought into this world to prevent her from killing him in their own. Serafina might have noticed, but something else happened: she held up her hand and lifted her head, as did all the other witches. Will and Lyra could hear very faintly to the north the cry of some night bird. But it wasn’t a bird; the witches knew it at once for a daemon. Serafina Pekkala stood up, gazing intently into the sky. â€Å"I think it’s Ruta Skadi,† she said. They kept still, tilting their heads to the wide silence, straining to hear. And then came another cry, closer already, and then a third; and at that, all the witches seized their branches and leaped into the air. All but two, that is, who stood close by, arrows at their bowstrings, guarding Will and Lyra. Somewhere in the dark above, a fight was taking place. And only seconds later, it seemed, they could hear the rush of flight, the whiz of arrows, and the grunt and scream of voices raised in pain or anger or command. And then with a thud so sudden they had no time to jump, a creature fell from the sky at their feet – a beast of leathery skin and matted fur that Lyra recognized as a cliff-ghast, or something similar. It was broken by the fall, and an arrow protruded from its side, but still it lurched up and lunged with a flopping malice at Lyra. The witches couldn’t shoot, because she was in their line of fire, but Will was there first; and with the knife he slashed backhand, and the creature’s head came off and rolled over once or twice. The air left its lungs with a gurgling sigh, and it fell dead. They turned their eyes upward again, for the fight was coming lower, and the firelight glaring up showed a swift-rushing swirl of black silk, pale limbs, green pine needles, gray-brown scabby leather. How the witches could keep their balance in the sudden turns and halts and forward darts, let alone aim and shoot, was beyond Will’s understanding. Another cliff-ghast and then a third fell in the stream or on the rocks nearby, stark dead; and then the rest fled, skirling and cluttering into the dark toward the north. A few moments later Serafina Pekkala landed with her own witches and with another: a beautiful witch, fierce-eyed and black-haired, whose cheeks were flushed with anger and excitement. The new witch saw the headless cliff-ghast and spat. â€Å"Not from our world,† she said, â€Å"nor from this. Filthy abominations. There are thousands of them, breeding like flies†¦ Who is this? Is this the child Lyra? And who is the boy?† Lyra returned her gaze stolidly, though she felt a quickening of her heart, for Ruta Skadi lived so brilliantly in her nerves that she set up a responding thrill in the nerves of anyone close by. Then the witch turned to Will, and he felt the same tingle of intensity, but like Lyra he controlled his expression. He still had the knife in his hand, and she saw what he’d done with it and smiled. He thrust it into the earth to clean it of the foul thing’s blood and then rinsed it in the stream. Ruta Skadi was saying, â€Å"Serafina Pekkala, I am learning so much; all the old things are changing, or dying, or empty. I’m hungry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She ate like an animal, tearing at the remains of the roasted birds and cramming handfuls of bread into her mouth, washing it down with deep gulps from the stream. While she ate, some of the witches carried the dead cliff-ghast away, rebuilt the fire, and then set up a watch. The rest came to sit near Ruta Skadi to hear what she could tell them. She told what had happened when she flew up to meet the angels, and then of her journey to Lord Asriel’s fortress. â€Å"Sisters, it is the greatest castle you can imagine: ramparts of basalt, rearing to the skies, with wide roads coming from every direction, and on them cargoes of gunpowder, of food, of armor plate. How has he done this? I think he must have been preparing this for a long time, for eons. He was preparing this before we were born, sisters, even though he is so much younger†¦ But how can that be? I don’t know. I can’t understand. I think he commands time, he makes it run fast or slow according to his will.† â€Å"And coming to this fortress are warriors of every kind, from every world. Men and women, yes, and fighting spirits, too, and armed creatures such as I had never seen – lizards and apes, great birds with poison spurs, creatures too outlandish to have a name I could guess at. And other worlds have witches, sisters; did you know that? I spoke to witches from a world like ours, but profoundly different, for those witches live no longer than our short-lifes, and there are men among them, too, men-witches who fly as we do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her tale was causing the witches of Serafina Pekkala’s clan to listen with awe and fear and disbelief. But Serafina believed her, and urged her on. â€Å"Did you see Lord Asriel, Ruta Skadi? Did you find your way to him?† â€Å"Yes, I did, and it was not easy, because he lives at the center of so many circles of activity, and he directs them all. But I made myself invisible and found my way to his inmost chamber, when he was preparing to sleep.† Every witch there knew what had happened next, and neither Will nor Lyra dreamed of it. So Ruta Skadi had no need to tell, and she went on: â€Å"And then I asked him why he was bringing all these forces together, and if it was true what we’d heard about his challenge to the Authority, and he laughed.† â€Å"‘Do they speak of it in Siberia, then?’ he said, and I told him yes, and on Svalbard, and in every region of the north – our north; and I told him of our pact, and how I’d left our world to seek him and find out.† â€Å"And he invited us to join him, sisters. To join his army against the Authority. I wished with all my heart I could pledge us there and then. He showed me that to rebel was right and just, when you considered what the agents of the Authority did in His name†¦ And I thought of the Bolvangar children, and the other terrible mutilations I have seen in our own south lands; and he told me of many more hideous cruelties dealt out in the Authority’s name – of how they capture witches, in some worlds, and burn them alive, sisters. Yes, witches like ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He opened my eyes. He showed me things I had never seen, cruelties and horrors all committed in the name of the Authority, all designed to destroy the joys and the truthfulness of life.† â€Å"Oh, sisters, I longed to throw myself and my whole clan into the cause! But I knew I must consult you first, and then fly back to our world and talk to Leva Kasku and Reina Miti and the other witch queens.† â€Å"So I left his chamber invisibly and found my cloud-pine and flew away. But before I’d flown far, a great wind came up and hurled me high into the mountains, and I had to take refuge on a cliff-top. Knowing the sort of creatures who live on cliffs, I made myself invisible again, and in the darkness I heard voices.† â€Å"It seemed that I’d stumbled on the nesting place of the oldest of all cliff-ghasts. He was blind, and they were bringing him food: some stinking carrion from far below. And they were asking him for guidance. â€Å"‘Grandfather,’ they said, ‘how far back does your memory go?'† â€Å"‘Way, way back. Back long before humans,’ he said, and his voice was soft and cracked and frail.† â€Å"‘Is it true that the greatest battle ever known is coming soon, Grandfather?'† â€Å"‘Yes, children,’ he said. ‘A greater battle than the last one, even. Fine feasting for all of us. These will be days of pleasure and plenty for every ghast in every world.'† â€Å"‘And who’s going to win, Grandfather? Is Lord Asriel going to defeat the Authority?'† â€Å"‘Lord Asriel’s army numbers millions,’ the old cliff-ghast told them, ‘assembled from every world. It’s a greater army than the one that fought the Authority before, and it’s better led. As for the forces of the Authority, why, they number a hundred times as many. But the Authority is age-old, far older even than me, children, and His troops are frightened, and complacent where they’re not frightened. It would be a close fight, but Lord Asriel would win, because he is passionate and daring and he believes his cause is just. Except for one thing, children. He hasn’t got Aesahaettr. Without Aesahaettr, he and all his forces will go down to defeat. And then we shall feast for years, my children!'† â€Å"And he laughed and gnawed the stinking old bone they’d brought to him, and the others all shrieked with glee.† â€Å"Now, you can imagine how I listened hard to hear more about this Aesahaettr, but all I could hear over the howling of the wind was a young ghast asking, ‘If Lord Asriel needs Aesahaettr, why doesn’t he call him?'† â€Å"And the old ghast said, ‘Lord Asriel knows no more about Aesahaettr than you do, child! That is the joke! Laugh long and loud – ‘† â€Å"But as I tried to get closer to the foul things to learn more, my power failed, sisters, I couldn’t hold myself invisible any longer. The younger ones saw me and shrieked out, and I had to flee, back into this world through the invisible gateway in the air. A flock of them came after me, and those are the last of them, dead over there.† â€Å"But it’s clear that Lord Asriel needs us, sisters. Whoever this Aesahaettr is, Lord Asriel needs us! I wish I could go back to Lord Asriel now and say, ‘Don’t be anxious – we’re coming – we the witches of the north, and we shall help you win. Let’s agree now, Serafina Pekkala, and call a great council of all the witches, every single clan, and make war!† Serafina Pekkala looked at Will, and it seemed to him that she was asking his permission for something. But he could give no guidance, and she looked back at Ruta Skadi. â€Å"Not us,† she said. â€Å"Our task now is to help Lyra, and her task is to guide Will to his father. You should fly back, agreed, but we must stay with Lyra.† Ruta Skadi tossed her head impatiently. â€Å"Well, if you must,† she said. Will lay down, because his wound was hurting him – much more now than when it was fresh. His whole hand was swollen. Lyra too lay down, with Pantalaimon curled at her neck, and watched the fire through half-closed lids, and listened sleepily to the murmur of the witches. Ruta Skadi walked a little way upstream, and Serafina Pekkala went with her. â€Å"Ah, Serafina Pekkala, you should see Lord Asriel,† said the Latvian queen quietly. â€Å"He is the greatest commander there ever was. Every detail of his forces is clear in his mind, imagine the daring of it, to make war on the Creator! But who do you think this Aesahaettr can be? How have we not heard of him? And how can we urge him to join Lord Asriel?† â€Å"Maybe it’s not a him, sister. We know as little as the young cliff-ghast. Maybe the old grandfather was laughing at his ignorance. The word sounds as if it means ‘god destroyer.’ Did you know that?† â€Å"Then it might mean us after all, Serafina Pekkala! And if it does, then how much stronger his forces will be when we join them. Ah, I long for my arrows to kill those fiends from Bolvangar, and every Bolvangar in every world! Sister, why do they do it? In every world, the agents of the Authority are sacrificing children to their cruel god! Why? Why?† â€Å"They are afraid of Dust,† said Serafina Pekkala, â€Å"though what that is, I don’t know.† â€Å"And this boy you’ve found. Who is he? What world does he come from?† Serafina Pekkala told her all she knew about Will. â€Å"I don’t know why he’s important,† she finished, â€Å"but we serve Lyra. And her instrument tells her that that is her task. And, sister, we tried to heal his wound, but we failed. We tried the holding spell, but it didn’t work. Maybe the herbs in this world are less potent than ours. It’s too hot here for bloodmoss to grow.† â€Å"He’s strange,† said Ruta Skadi. â€Å"He is the same kind as Lord Asriel. Have you looked into his eyes?† â€Å"To tell the truth,† said Serafina Pekkala, â€Å"I haven’t dared.† The two queens sat quietly by the stream. Time went past; stars set, and other stars rose; a little cry came from the sleepers, but it was only Lyra dreaming. The witches heard the rumbling of a storm, and they saw the lightning play over the sea and the foothills, but it was a long way off. Later Ruta Skadi said, â€Å"The girl Lyra. What of the part she was supposed to play? Is this it? She’s important because she can lead the boy to his father? It was more than that, wasn’t it?† â€Å"That’s what she has to do now. But as for later, yes, far more than that. What we witches have said about the child is that she would put an end to destiny. Well, we know the name that would make her meaningful to Mrs. Coulter, and we know that the woman doesn’t know it. The witch she was torturing on the ship near Svalbard nearly gave it away, but Yambe-Akka came to her in time.† â€Å"But I’m thinking now that Lyra might be what you heard those ghasts speak of – this Aesahaettr. Not the witches, not those angel-beings, but that sleeping child: the final weapon in the war against the Authority. Why else would Mrs. Coulter be so anxious to find her?† â€Å"Mrs. Coulter was a lover of Lord Asriel’s,† said Ruta Skadi. â€Å"Of course, and Lyra is their child†¦ Serafina Pekkala, if I had borne his child, what a witch she would be! A queen of queens!† â€Å"Hush, sister,† said Serafina. â€Å"Listen†¦ and what’s that light?† They stood, alarmed that something had slipped past their guard, and saw a gleam of light from the camping place; not firelight, though, nothing remotely like firelight. They ran back on silent feet, arrows already nocked to their bowstrings, and stopped suddenly. All the witches were asleep on the grass, and so were Will and Lyra. But surrounding the two children were a dozen or more angels, gazing down at them. And then Serafina understood something for which the witches had no word: it was the idea of pilgrimage. She understood why these beings would wait for thousands of years and travel vast distances in order to be close to something important, and how they would feel differently for the rest of time, having been briefly in its presence. That was how these creatures looked now, these beautiful pilgrims of rarefied light, standing around the girl with the dirty face and the tartan skirt and the boy with the wounded hand who was frowning in his sleep. There was a stir at Lyra’s neck. Pantalaimon, a snow-white ermine, opened his black eyes sleepily and gazed around unafraid. Later, Lyra would remember it as a dream. Pantalaimon seemed to accept the attention as Lyra’s due, and presently he curled up again and closed his eyes. Finally one of the creatures spread his wings wide. The others, as close as they were, did so too, and their wings interpenetrated with no resistance, sweeping through one another like light through light, until there was a circle of radiance around the sleepers on the grass. Then the watchers took to the air, one after another, rising like flames into the sky and increasing in size as they did so, until they were immense; but already they were far away, moving like shooting stars toward the north. Serafina and Ruta Skadi sprang to their pine branches and followed them upward, but they were left far behind. â€Å"Were they like the creatures you saw, Ruta Skadi?† said Serafina as they slowed down in the middle airs, watching the bright flames diminish toward the horizon. â€Å"Bigger, I think, but the same kind. They have no flesh, did you see that? All they are is light. Their senses must be so different from ours†¦ Serafina Pekkala, I’m leaving you now, to call all the witches of our north together. When we meet again, it will be wartime. Go well, my dear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They embraced in midair, and Ruta Skadi turned and sped southward. Serafina watched her go, and then turned to see the last of the gleaming angels disappear far away. She felt nothing but compassion for those great watchers. How much they must miss, never to feel the earth beneath their feet, or the wind in their hair, or the tingle of the starlight on their bare skin! And she snapped a little twig off the pine branch she flew with, and sniffed the sharp resin smell with greedy pleasure, before flying slowly down to join the sleepers on the grass. How to cite The Subtle Knife Chapter Thirteen, Essay examples

Assessment Of Information And Network Security Of Info Safe Pvt Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Assessment Of Information And Network Security Of Info Safe Pvt Ltd. Answer: Introduction This report is a compilation of the assessment of information and network security applications as the Research and Technology assistant to the Information and Communication Technology Manager at Info Safe Pvt. Ltd. This report comprises of a brief overview of information and network security, and the latest developments in this field of technology. An evaluation of various applications that are used for network security in various industries located all over the world is done for this. This report also comprises of an analysis of three such security applications that are currently available in the market and their applications within and outside the Australian Information Technology industry.Info Safe Pvt. Ltd. is a four years old organisation that specializes in the information and network security domain (Siemens, 2014). They work for the development and customization of the applications that provide the services and serve their clients that are located in various cities in the Au stralian mainland. The primary clients for this organisation are small and medium sized enterprises (SME) and they operate by undertaking projects that help in the development of in house software or in the customization of software that are purchased off the shelf with their vendors. Post their four years of successful operations in this field Info Safe is now planning to expand and diversify into serving the organisations that operate in both online and offline mode. For doing this, the organisation needs to provide online security to these organisations by ensuring the security of their web portals and database available online. As suggested by the Business Development Manager of Info Safe, the potential clients for this diversification of includes some hospitality and pharmaceutical industries along with online gambling organisations. However, the provisioning of information and network security services to some of these organisations may involve ethical dilemmas as these organi sations may engagein some activities that are not socially acceptable by all. Info Safe should now decide between operating purely for financial gains or think about sustainable growth, taking into consideration the society and the environmental perspective. This report is an investigation into this ethical dilemma for Info Safe and an overview of the various services that are provided by them (Douligeris Serpanos, 2007). An overview of information and network security This section of the report conveys to the reader the basics of information and network security, and their fundamentals. This will help the readers in gaining an understanding of the subject of information and network security, and also provide the necessary information regarding the applications and software that are used by Info Safe Private Limited for providing these services to their clients. This section also analyses and evaluates the effectiveness of each of these applications to understand their pros and cons for both the provider as well as the receiver of the services (ETSI, 2014). Defining information and network security The prevention, detection, documentation and handling of the threats that are posedto the digital and non digital information of an organisation is known as information security. Information security involves the formation of strategies for the above purposes, and the protection of organisational information whether it is stored, or in transit. The primary objectives of network security are defined with the CIA triad, with the acronym standing for confidentiality, integrity and availability (Bauer, 2008). The system designed for an organisation for the protection of their network infrastructure is known as network security. Network security prevents the unauthorized access, modification and misuse of a secure network. The provision of network security services for an organisation comprises of forming a multiple layer defence for the protection of the organisational network. Each layer extends a control over the access to the network and blocks the malicious actors from exploiting and threatening the security to this network. The advent of Information Technology and digitization has transformed our entire way of life. All our professional and personal aspects of life have been affected by digitization and the world has become increasingly connected in all forms. However, with the added connectivity, the threat to the information and the network enabling these connections has also increased exponentially. Therefore, there is an increasing need of application of network security in order to protect and prevent the misuse of these networks and the information (Eloff Nel, 2017). Assessment of various applications for network security The organisational network and information systems are carrying all the data related to their operations to an extent that was inconceivable a few years back. Although this has enabled the business processes and made it easier for them to access the data at any point, from anywhere, this has also increased the threat to their network and information systems to a great extent. Therefore, network security has become a top priority for the organisations and has become an important factor in their development and long term sustainability. Firewalls are the most basic form of network security software. However, there are a number of Unified Threat Management (UTM) software that have been developed, that provide complete security from virus, spyware, intrusions and spam to the organisations. The most popular software that offer unified threat management services are mentioned below: Sonicwall by Dell Norton Security by Symantec Kaspersky Endpoint Security by Kaspersky Lab Sonicwall is an offering by Dell Labs which provides complete cloud and web security services and online support for network security, while helping in sustaining the performance of the organisation and simplifying the management processes of the same. It is a robust network security system having centralized control, and it provides protection to the organisation against all emerging threats to their information and network. It is also one of the most advanced solutions for network security that works towards providing control against data leakage, restricted file sharing and access control to the applications of the organisation. It also helps in the management of the bandwidth and its control as per the organizational requirements. Norton security is an offering of Symantec which provides centralized management of the organisational policies with customizable protection on an enterprise wide basis. It thoroughly scans the organisational system and network and efficiently works tow ards the monitoring and improvement of the organizational performance through it. The Kaspersky Endpoint Security helps in extending security to the organizations form malicious programs including viruses, hacker attacks, spam, worms and various other intrusion attacks. It protects the organizational security and network against vulnerabilities and constantly keeps the systems updated against the latest security threats. Pros and cons of these applications Sonicwall is a fairly easy to use and pervasive network security software which helps in providing a complete network security solution to the organizations. It detects malware and recognizes any probable threats to the security of the organizational network and information. Norton security is an offering of Symantec which provides centralized management of the organisational policies with customizable protection on an enterprise wide basis. The Kaspersky Endpoint Security helps in extending security to the organizations form malicious programs including viruses, hacker attacks, spam, worms and various other intrusion attacks (Cyberspace, 2014). It protects the organizational security and network against vulnerabilities and constantly keeps the systems updated against the latest security threats. The advantages of setting up network security applications, either in house, or customized from off the shelf software are numerous. They help in the protection of the organisational data an d help in keeping a check on any unauthorized access to this. Any organisation network contains confidential information related to their clients and the organisational processes. Any person who is not authorized to access this data, can take advantage of this, by getting their hands on the sensitive information related to the organisation (Services, 2016). Network security tools also prevent the organisations from cyber attacks and hackers by providing the complete security solution to the information and the network of the organisation. However, there are also a few disadvantages of setting up these softwares for network security of the organizations. Some of these are discussed here. The setting up of these software can prove to be expensive for the organisation and their purchase and customization can become increasingly expensive for organisations having small organizational networks. The installation of this software is time consuming and most of these provide multiple authent ication levels for logging in into the system which can get tedious for the employees. This software most of the time require passwords to be unique, constituting of a combination of special characters, alphabets, and numeric characters. Keeping a track of all these passwords can also be difficult for the employees. Additional application of these tools in the organisational network will require additional hiring of technicians who need to continuously provide support for these software. A network administrator needs to be present in the organisation all the time in order to ensure that the working of the organisational network and the network security tools is smooth. The training of these administrators and IT technicians can also prove to be expensive for the organisation (Idris Kassim, 2010). While the installation of the software is automated, people overseeing this can cause creeping in of human error in the security system which can provide loopholes in the network security system. Any Insider or person having knowledge of the IT systems can take advantage of these. The future prospects Info Safe provides network security solutions by developing applications for information and network security by themselves and also by customizing the off the shelf software that are present in the market. Presently serving a number of clients located in all the major cities of Australia as small and medium enterprises, Info Safe is working towards the expansion of their business by additionally planning on providing services to the organisations that also have an online presence. Online security is much more complex and multi dimensional than the offline information security, as there is greater risk involved with the online applications and threats. The Business Development Manager has suggested the expansion of business by serving organisations from the hospitality industryand online gambling organisations, and fulfilling their network security needs. As a part of the information communication and technology team, the organisation is suggested to go ahead with this expansion and venture into this new line of business while ensuring that this does not involve any unethical practice. The following section presents the plan of expansion of the services of Info Safe Ltd. for the next five years (Systems, 2000). 5-year expansion plan of Info Safe As the organisation Info Safe plans to expand their client base, and their operations, it is important that they do not just focus on the financial gains and instead work towards sustainability and think about the social and environmental impact on the industry as well. Any negligence on the end of the administrator can negatively affect the entire network performance of the organisation, which can cause interruption in the organisational performance. There have been multiple instances of employees trying to sabotage the image of an organisation or attempting to sell the organizational data or information of an organisation once they have left the organisation, or are expelled. The administrators need to therefore take immediate action in case of termination of the employees by restricting their access to all the organisational data and network. Ethical, social and legal considerations of the expansion plan The organisations working towards IT security of their clients can gain access to the confidential data that belongs to the organisation and also some privileged information about both, the organisation as well as the individuals working for them. This power can sometimes be abused by the security personnel either deliberately or inadvertently. There is no standardized training available to be provided to the security personnel in order to keep them away from indulging in these activities. However, these organisations and the professionals working in with them are increasingly being provided the knowledge to address these ethical dilemmas and the complex side of their job. The training as well as education of the professionals working in the IT industry only focuses on the knowledge and understanding of the technical skills. There is little consideration given to the possibility to misuse this knowledge and most of these professionals do not even realize how their jobs can involve po ssible ethical issues (Cisco, 2008). Most of the ethical issues that these IT professionals face are due to the involvement of privacy of the organisation, their clients, and their employee information. There are certain legal issues associated with their profession as well, which are different from the ethical issues. While an organisation providing network security to their client may have the legal right to monitor all the processes and functions, it might not be ethically right to do so without the client consent. Conclusion This report comprises of a brief overview of information and network security, and the latest developments in this field of technology. An evaluation of various applications that are used for network security in various industries located all over the world is done for this. This report also comprises of an analysis of three such security applications that are currently available in the market and their applications within and outside the Australian Information Technology industry.Info Safe Pvt. Ltd. is a four years old organisation that specializes in the information and network security domain. They work for the development and customization of the applications that provide the services and serve their clients that are located in various cities in the Australian mainland. The ethical dilemma that the organization is facing has been addressed and the suggestions and recommendations for the same have been provided for Info Safe Pvt. Ltd. Recommendations The advent of Information Technology and digitization has transformed our entire way of life. All our professional and personal aspects of life have been affected by digitization and the world has become increasingly connected in all forms. However, with the added connectivity, the threat to the information and the network enabling these connections has also increased exponentially. As a provider of network and information security, it is necessary that the organisation maintains confidentiality of all the data of their clients by centrally storing it and retrieving it effortlessly. By serving organisations such as online gambling organizations Info Safe should maintain professionalism and serve them only providing them the data security services without indulging in any other plan of business. In order to expand their business, Info Safe must enlarge their client base and start serving them by offering more in house services like firewall, accounting software assistance and enterpri se resource planning. The administrator of a network has the responsibility to manage the network and control it. Therefore, he also has the power to restrict the employees from gaining access to certain data and allow or deny the employees of the client organisation the permission on the basis of their place in the organisational hierarchy and specialisation. References Bauer, M. (2008). ITU Study on the Financial Aspects of Network Security: Malware and Spam. ITU. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-study-financial-aspects-of-malware-and-spam.pdf Cisco. (2008). Network Security Baseline. Retrieved from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Security/Baseline_Security/securebasebook.pdf Cyberspace, C. i. (2014). Best Practices for Keeping Your Home Network Secure. Retrieved from https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/Cyber/Slicksheet_BestPracticesForKeepingYourHomeNetworkSecure_Web_update.pdf Douligeris, C., Serpanos, D. (2007). Network Security: Current Status and Future Directions. John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dHys9OXMFMICpg=PA311lpg=PA311dq=netwrok+securtiy+pdfsource=blots=H-MTENJsrHsig=8XnoiZL3T3T1MIWJ8y8MsiS1q6Yhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiu2Nq71NzWAhWMNY8KHXw8BQMQ6AEIRTAG#v=onepageq=netwrok%20securtiy%20pdff=false Eloff, J., Nel, A. (2017). A Methodology for Network Security. Retrieved from ieeexplore.ieee.org: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/639804/?reload=true ETSI. (2014). Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); NFV Security; Security and Trust Guidance. Retrieved from https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NFV-SEC/001_099/003/01.01.01_60/gs_NFV-SEC003v010101p.pdf Idris, N., Kassim, M. (2010). Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) Security Guideline. Retrieved from https://www.cybersecurity.my/data/content_files/11/649.pdf Services, A. (2016). Overview of AWS Security - Network Security. Retrieved from https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/Security/Networking_Security_Whitepaper.pdf Siemens. (2014). Network security: industrial security. Retrieved from https://www.siemens.com/digitalization/public/pdf/brochure_network-security_en.pdf Systems, C. (2000). Network Security: ISOC NTW 2000. Retrieved from https://www.potaroo.net/t4/pdf/security.pdf